44. In this 1850s cartoon, armed "Know-Nothings" blast into Baltimore in support of their candidate, Thomas Swann. He represented the American Party's anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant platform. Voter intimidation was not uncommon.

Return to Chapter Nine
Return to Illustration Credits

45. During World War I, the patriotic English-language press--as in this 1917 New York cartoon--demanded 100% Americanism from the ambivalent "hyphens" or "hyphenated Americans," particularly the German-Americans.

Return to Chapter Nine
Return to Illustration Credits

46. General John Joseph Pershing was commander-in-chief of American forces in World War I. His great-grandfather's name--hard to pronounce in English--was Frederick Pfoerschin, a Lutheran immigrant from Lorraine.

In World War II, Dwight D. Eisenhower was the Allied commander; his forefather, Hans Nicholas Eisenhauer, came to America from the Palatinate in 1741.

Ancestors of Gulf-War hero General Norman Schwarzkopf came from Baden-Württemberg.

Return to Chapter Nine
Return to Illustration Credits

47. "THE UNDESIRABLES.--Shadow of Abraham Lincoln: 'I stand among you, good people. My father could never have passed.' " (Puck, 1914).--The Literacy Test for immigrants became law in 1917.

Return to Chapter Nine
Return to Illustration Credits